The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz :: essays research papers

Question #3: Duddy hides his insecurities from himself and others. He is afraid to ask his father if his mother had liked him. What does this reveal about Duddy? Why do we often hide our fears? Two thousand years ago, Jesus had said,"Man does not live by bread alone." This is true, for other than physiological needs, man also has other basic necessities. As outlined in an article written by Professor A. H. Maslow called "A Theory of Human Motivation", these basic necessities include a person’s desire for security, love, esteem and self-actualization. Thus, when Duddy hides his fears from others and himself, he is only pursuing a sense of safety, which is one of the human fundamental needs. A person’s self-projected image is very important. We often hide our own fears because we do not want to acknowledge our dreads. We are afraid that if we show our dreads, our images as great persons will be ruined. People want to feel important, significant and superior; people do not want to feel inferior, subordinate and insignificant. We are afraid that if we concede our fears, others will dismiss us as unimportant. This is even more true for an ambitious young man like Duddy. He springs from humble beginnings, but clearly, he is very eager to become a successful and powerful man. "...his bony cheeks were criss-crossed with scratches as he shaved twice daily in his attempt to encourage a beard." This clearly indicates to the readers that Duddy wants and tries to be someone that he is not. He wants himself and others to think that he is of great significance. The fact that his friends, family and others reject him make his self-projected image even more preponderan t. He must convince himself and others that he is a very important figure and he does this by denying his insecurities. Duddy is not a very well-liked figure in the novel. He arouses readers’ sympathy because his family and friends do not appreciate him. There is much evidence of this throughout the novel. Perhaps the best illustration of this is when Duddy returns from St. Agathe with six expensive sport shirts for Max as a gift, but only to find out that his father is not interested in the gift. Duddy is not loved in his family, yet he needs love desperately. Since his father, uncle and brother do not love him, his desire for love is projected onto his dead mother. The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz :: essays research papers Question #3: Duddy hides his insecurities from himself and others. He is afraid to ask his father if his mother had liked him. What does this reveal about Duddy? Why do we often hide our fears? Two thousand years ago, Jesus had said,"Man does not live by bread alone." This is true, for other than physiological needs, man also has other basic necessities. As outlined in an article written by Professor A. H. Maslow called "A Theory of Human Motivation", these basic necessities include a person’s desire for security, love, esteem and self-actualization. Thus, when Duddy hides his fears from others and himself, he is only pursuing a sense of safety, which is one of the human fundamental needs. A person’s self-projected image is very important. We often hide our own fears because we do not want to acknowledge our dreads. We are afraid that if we show our dreads, our images as great persons will be ruined. People want to feel important, significant and superior; people do not want to feel inferior, subordinate and insignificant. We are afraid that if we concede our fears, others will dismiss us as unimportant. This is even more true for an ambitious young man like Duddy. He springs from humble beginnings, but clearly, he is very eager to become a successful and powerful man. "...his bony cheeks were criss-crossed with scratches as he shaved twice daily in his attempt to encourage a beard." This clearly indicates to the readers that Duddy wants and tries to be someone that he is not. He wants himself and others to think that he is of great significance. The fact that his friends, family and others reject him make his self-projected image even more preponderan t. He must convince himself and others that he is a very important figure and he does this by denying his insecurities. Duddy is not a very well-liked figure in the novel. He arouses readers’ sympathy because his family and friends do not appreciate him. There is much evidence of this throughout the novel. Perhaps the best illustration of this is when Duddy returns from St. Agathe with six expensive sport shirts for Max as a gift, but only to find out that his father is not interested in the gift. Duddy is not loved in his family, yet he needs love desperately. Since his father, uncle and brother do not love him, his desire for love is projected onto his dead mother.

Aerofoil Design Xflr5

Aashiq Zakir Hussain12108227 | Supervisor : | Dr. Patrick Frawley | Submission : Date | 26th October 2012 | ABSTRACT Airfoil is the main part of the airplane which contributes the lift required by the airplane to fly in the air. By varying the wing’s area and the angle of attack, different lift can be created and can be used to fly the airplane. This program named XFLR5 is used for determining the airfoil characteristics.It will help them to save a lot of time on computing the equations and on the trial and error method. The program can also be used as basic tool to show the users what will happen when some variables like Reynolds number, the AOA of the wings and the speed of the aircraft are changed and how it will affect the results and lift generated. This project report deals with the analysis of widely used airfoils in the modern aircrafts. In this analysis, the lift, drag, pressure profiles and their coefficients of the airfoils are been calculated using xflr5 program.Th ese are obtained in the form of graphical representation by feeding data such as Reynolds number, Mach number, Angle of Attack and dimensions of the airfoils to the program. The results such as maximum lift coefficient, stalling angle, maximum lift to drag ratio and such parameters are obtained and are been compared with each other.Re| Reynolds number| -| ?| Angle of Attack| -| M| Mach number| -| Cp | Pressure Coefficient| -| Cl| Lift Coefficient| -| Cd| Drag Coefficient| -| Cl / Cd| Glide Ratio| -| T| Thickness| mm| c| Chord| -| INTRODUCTION Airfoils are the primary shapes which allow streamlined flow over it when it is driven through air. These shapes do not produce much drag compared to other shapes as so it is used in all aircraft structural parts which is subjected to airflow. Basically airfoils can be divided into many types by slightly varying their thickness, length, camber area and so on without after the shape.In this analysis we deal with airfoil shapes known as NACA airf oils. The  NACA airfoils  are just  shapes of airfoils used for aircraft wings, which is developed by the  National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics  (NACA). The shape of the NACA airfoils is determined using a  series  of digits followed by the word â€Å"NACA. † The series is divided using digits from 1-8. We only deal with the 4-digit series of airfoils in this analysis. The 4 digit airfoils we are going to discuss in this analysis are 0004, 0008, 0012, 0016, 0020, 0312, 1312, 2312, 3312, 2112, 2512 and 2712.In this 4 digit series, 1st digit denotes the maximum  camber  as percentage of the  chord, 2nd digit denotes the distance of maximum camber from the airfoil leading edge in tens of percent's of the chord and this last 3rd and 4th digits denotes  maximum thickness of the airfoil as percent of the chord. The key features we are going to discuss about in this analysis are the effects of Angle of Attack, Reynolds number, Mach number, Camber and Thi ckness. The basic aerodynamic design is to obtain maximum lift and minimum drag which will be expressed in terms of coefficient of lift (Cl) and coefficient of drag (Cd).Using this program known as XFLR5, we are going to compare the characteristics of all the airfoils. As the operating valves such as Angle of Attack, Mach number, Reynolds number are to be fed in to the program and this will give us the required graph of the parameters such as Cl, Cd, alpha, Cp and so on. Using these results achieved from the program, it will be easier to find out the airfoil with highest Cl at various angles of attack, which has got highest stalling angle and the airfoil with best glide ratio and so on. OBJECTIVESThis report is basically done to find out airfoils with maximum lift to drag ratio by comparing many airfoils each other and allowing their camber area, thickness and the location of the camber to deviate to the small percentage of the chord. By doing this, we can achieve a best airfoil des ign that can be used in live aircrafts. LITERATURE REVIEW Introduction: * If an aircraft has to fly, force has to be counter balanced by the weight as it must be opposite to its magnitude. This force is known as lift. Lift plays a major factor on the airplane flight.The main plane (wings) generates more lift as it is the important load carrying member. * The aerofoil sections have been started to get developed in late 1800’s. In 1884 H. F. Phillips with the help of wind tunnel, tested and made series of airfoils. At the same time Otto Lilienthal with the help of the bird’s wings, designed airfoil shapes. It was found that the key factor is that the wing curvature or camber. The early airplanes were biplanes because, the airfoils were thin and cambered as shown in figure 2. 1. Figure 2. 1: Hanson http://www. biplanefun. om/assets/Image/Hanson_215217_001. jpg Nowadays these types of aircrafts are not used, as all airfoils are made by trial and error method. Airfoils used in 1920’s (NACA). ( http://www. desktop. aero/appliedaero/airfoils1/images/sections1. gif) Figure 2. 2: Ancient development in airfoils For the project, the NACA 4 digit airfoil format will be use for the program which is generating the airfoil’s shape and the thin airfoil theory will be use for computing the important parameters of the wing. * 1. ii Terminology for Airfoil and Airplane:Basic parts of an airfoil that must be known before getting in to the chapter of NACA 4 digit series. The diagram below describes the parts of an airfoil from which series are determined. Figure 2. 3: Airfoil Terminology airfoil (http://www. copters. com/aero/pictures/Fig_2-10. gif) Figure 2. 5: Plane Axes (http://www. allstar. fiu. edu/aero/images/fig25. gif) 1. iii Definitions: The line drawn midway between the upper and lower surfaces of the airfoil is known as mean camber.The straight line joining the leading and trailing edges of the airfoil is known as chord. Leading edge is the front of the airfoil. Trailing edge is the end of the airfoil. The angle between the chord and the line representing the relative airflow is known as the angle of attack (AOA). Camber of an airfoil is the upper and lower surfaces curvature. The airfoil’s thickness and amount of lift the airfoil will generate is determined by the cambered area. When the term upper camber is used, it is referring to the upper surface of the airfoil. When the term lower camber is used, it is referring to the lower surface of the airfoil.Span is the distance from a tip of the wing to the other tip of the wing. * 1. iv The Four Forces on the Airplane Figure 2. 6: Forces on an airplane (http://anjungsainssmkss. files. wordpress. com/2011/09/plane_forces. jpg) * The four main forces that maintain the aircraft in steady flight and helps fly are Lift, Drag, Weight and Thrust. Thrust is a forward pulling which is generated by the engine(powerplant). Thrust opposes the drag. Thrust depends upon the powe r of the engine as high power engines produce more thrust and the type of the engines with respect to their mounted location.Drag is a force which opposes the thrust as when the aircraft moves in high speed the air passes over and below the surface produce drag. It is a resistive force. The weight is a force of an airplane which is acting downwards due to the force of gravity. This force pulls down on the plane and opposes the lift force. This force mainly depends upon the weight of the aircraft and so it depends upon how much we load and the total weight we use to build the aircraft. Lift is an important force in the aircraft which tends the aircraft to fly.It is generated as aircraft moves at high speed and is generated below the airfoil surface of the main plane. At this time, there will be low pressure acting over the wing and high pressure under the wing. The four forces act on any airplanes in flight and are interconnected. In order for the airplane to take off, lift must over come weight and thrust must overcome drag. During landing, thrust must be reduced below the level of drag and lift must be reduced below the weight of the airplane. * * * 1. v Theory of Lift: * Lift is an important force as it sustains an airplane in ir and enables it to manoeuvre. The theory of lift has been debated for a long time and currently still debating. However this project is not about debating the theory of lift but to design the airfoil. Therefore to cover the theory of lift, the 2 more popular explanations which are the Newton’s Law and the Bernoulli’s Principle will be discuss briefly. * Principles of Physics such as the principle of conservation of momentum, the principle of the conservation of mass and the principle of the conservation of energy are the basic principles to be known and to be considered to understand lift force.The principle of the conservation of momentum is covered by Newton’s Law. And the principle of the conservation of energy is covered Bernoulli Principles. Both can be use to explain the basics principles on how lift is form and are compatible with each other. In the following explanations, air is assumed as an ideal fluid and therefore 3 major assumptions about the physical properties of the airflow are made: * The airflow over a wing is incompressible. The airflow is inviscid which means the viscosity of air is approaching zero. The airflow around the wing is steady. * * * 1. vi Newton’s Law Explanation: Lift is generated by a wing as it moves through the air at an angle of attack. This will turn the airflow downward and the wing itself will have the force acting in an upward direction. In order to make use of the Newton’s Law, we need to know a theory known as the Coanda Effect. Coanda Effect stated â€Å"A moving stream of fluid in contact with a curved surface will tend to follow the curvature of the surface rather than continue travelling in a straight line. † This states tha t, when the air hits the wing when it is subjected through air, the angle changes the wing dimension as it is tilted to an extent.At this stage air do not reflect back as it stays over the wing. From Coanda Effect, we know that the wing is changing the direction of the airflow and also changing the velocity. Since lift is a force, according to Newton’s 2nd law of motion: * Force = mass x acceleration (F=ma) * Acceleration is a change in velocity with respect to time and force will be: * Force = mass x (change in velocity / change in time) * Therefore a change in velocity will generate a force and a force will cause a change in velocity.Velocity has both a magnitude called speed and a direction is associated with it. It is a vector quantity. Therefore by changing the direction of the airflow, the wing is also causing an increase in velocity which results in an acceleration. This change in velocity also generates a reaction force on the wing acting in an upwards direction. * Th is principle of Newton’s 3rd law which states â€Å"Every action has an equal and opposite reaction† helps to explain the nature of lift. The reaction force experienced by the wing is the total reaction. Figure 2. : Forces on an airfoil (http://www. free-online-private-pilot-ground-school. com/images/forces_airfoil. gif) * 1. vii Bernoulli’s Principle: Bernoulli’s Principle can be referred to as the law of conservation of energy and the total energy in a moving mass of fluid consists of potential energy, kinetic energy and the fluid’s pressure energy. It states that sum of all energies result in a constant value for the steady flow of an ideal fluid. Bernoulli’s Principle shows that as the velocity of a fluid flow changes, the pressure will change as well.This means that when the fluid’s velocity increases, the pressure will decrease and vice versa. Using this principle of pressure variation with velocity change, lift force developed by the wing can be accurately predicted in the same way as Newton’s Law. Figure 2. 8: Example of Bernoulli’s Principle (http://images. rcuniverse. com/magazine/reviews/455/bernoulli. jpg) Using Bernoulli’s Principle, the kinetic energy of the air will be highest where the pressure energy is the lowest and lowest where the pressure energy is the highest.This will result in an increase of the airflow for the upper surface of the wing and decreases for the lower surface of the wing. Therefore there will be a lower pressure on the upper surface of the wing and a higher pressure on the lower surface of the wing. This will result in a force acting in an upwards direction. Using equation: Force = Pressure x Area The lift force will be proportional to the pressure differential across the wing multiplied by the wing’s surface area. For Bernoulli’s Principle, it does not provide any explanation on why the airflow is faster on the top surface of the wing.The Newton’s Law also did not explain why the air deflects downward. Both theories only explain how lift is created. * 1. viiiThe Factors affecting Lift: Lift is the main source of force which enables the airplanes to fly. In order to generate enough lift, several factors have to be taken into consideration as they affect the amount of lift the airplane can generate. The general equation for lift is Lift = lift coefficient x {(air density x velocity2)/2} x wing area Where the lift coefficient is given by: Lift coefficient = 2 x pi x (AOA – calculated AOA at zero lift) Therefore the factors affecting lift are: The Angle of Attack (AOA). * The airfoil shape. * Airspeed. * Wing size. * Air density. The air density depends on the height which the airplane is flying. As the height of the airplane decreases, the air density will increase which will also result in higher lift generated. Therefore to generate the same amount of lift when the air density increases, the velocity of the airplane must increase. The Angle of Attack (AOA) of the airplane’s wing which is denoted by the Greek letter alpha ?. AOA is the angle between the oncoming air or relative wind and a reference line on the wing which in this case is the chord.It is one of the important parameters for handling and designing of a plane as a typical wing only has a limited range of angles of attack As the AOA increases, the lift generated by the airfoil is also increased. However, once the AOA reaches a certain angle known as the Critical Angle, the airplane will stall as the airflow will separate from the upper surface, resulting in a loss of lift which means the airplane will stall. This will result in cavitations and lose in lift force. It will also produce drag force as shown in figure 2. 9. Figure 2. 9: Diagram of how AOA affects the air flow (http://www. ero-mechanic. com/wp-content/uploads/2008/12/2-8-283Ãâ€"300. jpg) The lift depends upon the airfoil and the force the air flows over it. Thus when airflow is more, lift produced is maximum. Comparing a cambered airfoil and a symmetric airfoil, a cambered airfoil produced more lift than a symmetric airfoil. Even a flat plate subjected to the air will produce lift. Thus the airfoil should be designed in such a way that it produces high lift to drag ratio. * 1. ix NACA 4 series: In the 1930s, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) developed several sets of airfoils and camber lines.The â€Å"Characteristics of 78 Related Airfoil Sections from Tests in the Variable Density Wind Tunnel† report was published by the NACA. In this report, the authors discovered that the airfoils that are successful had many similarities. The two primary variables that affected the airfoil shapes are the slope of the airfoil mean camber line and the thickness distribution above and below the line. Many of this airfoil shapes have been in use as tails and wings of airplanes over the years. The first family of airfoi ls designed using this approached is the NACA 4 series.In the NACA 4 series, the 1st digit indicates the maximum camber (m) in percentage of the chord, the 2nd digit indicates the position of the maximum camber (p) in tenths of cord and the last 2 digits provide the maximum thickness (t) of the airfoil in percentage of chord. For example, the NACA 2412 airfoil will have a maximum camber of 2% located at 40% from the leading edge with maximum thickness of 12% cord. 4-digit series airfoils by default have a maximum thickness of 30% of the chord from the leading edge. Therefore with the first 2 digits 00, it indicates that there is no camber and is a symmetrical airfoil.To find the mean camber line, it can be calculated using: To calculate for the thickness distribution, equation 2. 3 is used. Currently in the market, there are several NACA 4 series airfoil generators. These generators calculate the coordinates of the airfoil shape. However, it does not take into consideration of the l oad that the airfoil will be taking, meaning the surface area of the wings are not taking into consideration. There is also not much program which enables the user to calculate the whole wing surface area and the lift generated by the wing with different airfoil design. 1. x Thin Airfoil Theory: For this project, the Thin Airfoil Theory will be use to compute the model airplane’s airfoil thickness and wing dimension as the thickness for the model airplane’s wing is not very thick. Thin airfoil theory was devised by German mathematician Max Munk and further refined by British aerodynamicist Hermann Glauert and others in 1920s. It is a simple theory of airfoils that relates the angle of attack to lift. The theory idealizes the flow around an airfoil as a 2 dimensional flow around a thin airfoil.At low angles of incidence, the boundary layer growth on an airfoil is thin and remains attached to the airfoil. Therefore the airflow is assumed to be inviscid and irrotational. Since the thickness of any lifting airfoil is less than a fifth of its chord length, the effect of the airfoil’s thickness can be neglected and the airfoil will be represented by its mean camber line. A mathematically conceived function in the form of a vortex sheet is then placed along the length of the camber line to simulate the airfoil. This essentially makes it a streamline of the flow.By applying the circulation theory of lift to this streamline, the aerodynamic properties of the airfoils are obtained. The airfoil is considered as having zero thickness and infinite wingspan. This the reason why the theory does not take into consideration the induced drag that arises from the wing tips of an airfoil. Therefore it is only good for approximating an airfoil with medium and large aspect ratio and only up to the stall angle which is usually 10 to 15 degree for typical airplane configuration. Any angle beyond 15 degree, the thin airfoil theory cannot be used to calculate the c oefficient of lift.Thin airfoil theory is important as it provided a theoretical basis for the important properties of the airfoils in 2 dimensional flows: * The centre of pressure lies exactly ? of the chord behind the leading edge on a symmetric airfoil. * The aerodynamic centre lies exactly ? of the chord behind the leading edge for cambered airfoil. * The slope of the lift coefficient versus angle of attack line is 2? units per radian. There are many formulae that states the derivation of the thon airfoil theory, but we don’t require those for our project and so its neglected. xi Flat Plate Airfoil Theory:Flat plate theory is applied to airfoils as the thickness is also the constituent of drag in the airfoil. The flat plate when it is subjected to airflow the drag minimum as compared to the other shapes with reasonable thickness. Thickness cannot be neglected as it also plays a vital role in the camber surface as it produces lift. The transition point can be pushed back a s we reduce the drag in an airfoil by which we can get a good lift curve for higher degrees. In case of boundary layer, the drag in a flat plate will be laminar for a certain period of time and it then become turbulent.There is no unique valve where the stream gets turbulent, but by keeping the laminar surface clean and free stream, one can delay the renolds number. Figure 2. 10: Velocity profiles for laminar and turbulent boundary layer EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE AND ANALYSIS Introduction: These experiments below are done using xflr5 program. NACA 4 digit series airfoils are been used in the analysis. In the final analysis, NACA airfoils ranging from 0 to 9% of camber magnitude, 10 to 70% of camber location and 3% to 30% of thickness airfoils are analysed to get an airfoil of better performance with high to lift to drag ratio.Exercise A: Effect of Angle of Attack Airfoil = NACA 0012 Re number = 1000000 M = 0. 00 Part 1: In this part, the pressure profiles for different angle of attack are to be discussed. AOA( Alpha ) : -4 to 16 degrees with a step of 4 degrees Figure 3. 1: Pressure profiles plot of NACA 0012 Angle of attack(alpha)| Cl| Cd| -4| -0. 429| 0. 007| 0| -0. 00| 0. 005| 4| 0. 429| 0. 007| 8| 0. 910| 0. 012| 12| 1. 242| 0. 020| 16| 1. 301| 0. 050| Part 2: In this part we discuss about the lift, drag and their coefficients. Angle of Attack (alpha) = -4 to 18 degrees with a step of 0. degrees Figure 3. 2: Drag coefficient and Angle of attack plot Figure 3. 3: Lift coefficient and Angle of attack plot Figure 3. 4: Glide ratio and Angle of attack plot Figure 3. 5: Lift coefficient and Drag coefficient plot Analysis: Part 1: In this part, the angle of attack is changed from -4 degrees to 16 degrees with fixed Reynolds number and Mach number. The pressure profiles seem to have gradual increase in both negative and positive values on Cp. As the angle of attack increases, the lift and drag increases to a certain limit and stalls.Maximum lift is at 14 degrees and thus stall occurs. Cl max is 1. 36. It is consistent as Bernoulli’s approach on analysis. Part 2: In this part, the angle of attack is varied from -4 degrees to 18 degrees. Re and M is same as above. The lift curve passes through the origin, so zero lift is at origin (0 degrees). Max Cl is at 1. 36 where the stall angle is at 4 degrees. The maximum glide ratio is 75. 86 and at this point the values of Cl is 0. 8685, value of Cd is 0. 0115 and the value of alpha is 7. 5 degrees. Exercise B: Effect of Reynolds number Airfoil = NACA 0012 Alpha (AOA) = 4 degrees M = 0. 00Part 1: In this part, we discuss about the effects due to change in Reynolds number in NACA 0012 airfoil. Re number = 100000 to 2. 1 million with an increment of 400000 Figure 3. 6: Pressure profiles plot Part 2: In this part, we discuss about the effects due to change in Reynolds number and Angle of attack in NACA 0012 airfoil. Re number = 100000, 500000, 900000, 2100000, 4000000. AOA (alpha) = -4 to 20 degrees with a step of 0. 5 degrees. Figure 3. 7: Glide ratio and alpha plot Figure 3. 8: Drag coefficient and alpha plot Figure 3. 9: Lift coefficient and alpha plot Figure 3. 10: Lift and Drag polarRe number| Max Cl| Stall angle(degrees)| Max Cl/Cd| Cl at Max Cl/Cd| Cd at Max Cl/Cd| Alpha at Max Cl/Cd| 100000| 0. 97| 10. 5| 36. 5| 0. 61| 0. 017| 5 degrees| 500000| 1. 21| 13. 5| 61. 9| 0. 72| 0. 012| 6 degrees| 900000| 1. 35| 14. 5| 73. 6| 0. 86| 0. 011| 7. 5 degrees| 2100000| 1. 57| 17| 92. 5| 0. 97| 0. 0105| 8. 5 degrees| 4000000| 1. 67| 18. 5| 107. 3| 1. 073| 0. 010| 9. 5 degrees| Analysis: Part 1: In this case there is an increase in the pressure values as increase in Re number and the transition is point is pushed backwards in the curve with Reynolds number 4000000 than the curves with Reynolds number less than that.Part 2: In this case, the transition point is brought backwards as there is an increase in the boundary layer. It just pushes the stall angle further towards the leading edge. For Re= 100000, drag is increased more at high angle of attack. For high Re number, lift coefficient is more than low Re number and the drag is minimised at high angle of attack in high Re number curves. Exercise C: Effect of Mach number Airfoil = NACA 0012 Re number = 2 million Part 1: In this part, we are discussing about the effects in forces due to change in Mach number. Alpha (AOA) = 4 degrees M = 0. 00, 0. 1, 0. 02, 0. 03 Figure 3. 11: Pressure plot of M=0. 00 Figure 3. 12: Pressure plot of M=0. 01 Figure 3. 13: Pressure plot of M=0. 2 Figure 3. 14: Pressure plot of M=0. 3 Part 2: In this part, we are going to see the difference in the curves for different Mach numbers mentioned in part 1 and also with Angle of attacks from -4 to 30 degrees with a step of 0. 5 degrees. Figure 3. 15: Lift coefficient and Alpha Figure 3. 16: Drag coefficient and Alpha Figure 3. 17: Glide ratio and Alpha Figure 3. 8: Lift and Drag polar M| Cl Max| Stall angle(degrees)| Cl/Cd Max| Cl at Cl/C d Max| Cd at Cl/Cd Max| Alpha at Cl/Cd Max| 0. 0| 1. 560| 17| 91. 5| 0. 975| 0. 0104| 8. 5 degrees| 0. 1| 1. 540| 16. 5| 91. 25| 0. 985| 0. 0105| 8. 5 degrees| 0. 2| 1. 475| 15. 5| 90. 3| 1. 00| 0. 0115| 8. 5 degrees| 0. 3| 1. 355| 73| 88. 4| 0. 97| 0. 0110| 8 degrees| Analysis: Part 1: In this analysis, there is a change in pressure (Cp). As the Mach number increases, the value of Cp increases in the negative values. Due to the increase in speed, the transition point in moved towards the leading edge and stall angle decreases.Part 2: In this part, the angle of attack is also changed with the Mach number. We can see the effect of lift and drag from the values in the table given above in part 2. At the highest AOA the Cl value is increased. As the Mach number increases, the value of Cl max and the stalling angle drops down as it tends to stall soon in high ach number. Exercise D: Effect of Thickness In this exercise, various airfoils of different thickness are used. The values are ta ken from the program and compared with each other. Re = 2000000, M = 0. 00, AOA(alpha) = -4 to 20 degrees with a step of 0. Airfoils = NACA 0004, NACA 0008, NACA 0012, NACA 0016, NACA 0020 Figure 3. 19: Drag coefficient and Alpha plot Figure 3. 20: Glide ratio and Alpha plotFigure 3. 21: Lift coefficients and Drag coefficient plot Figure 3. 22: Lift coefficient and Alpha plot NACA airfoils| Max Cl| Stalling angle(degrees)| Max Cl/Cd| Cl at Max Cl/Cd| Cd at Max Cl/Cd| Alpha at Max Cl/Cd| 0004| 0. 96| 20| 48. 1| 0. 325| 0. 007| 3 degrees| 0008| 1. 15| 11. 5| 79. 85| 0. 775| 0. 010| 7 degrees| 0012| 1. 563| 17| 91. 52| 0. 977| 0. 010| 8. 5 degrees| 0016| 1. 578| 18| 93. 10| 1. 228| 0. 013| 11 degrees| 0020| 1. 45| 18. 5| 92. 4| 1. 000| 0. 010| 9. 5 degrees| Analysis: Due to the thickness, there is a change in lift as it can be observed in figure 3. 13. As NACA 0004 is thin, it stalls soon. But NACA 0020 and NACA 0016 airfoils has high value of Cl and this attains at almost 18 degrees o f AOA. From this it can be said that, if thickness increases the lift increases, but its for certain limit as Cl max drops in NACA 0020. The curves given above for each airfoil cannot be believed till end. This is only applicable theoretically that if an airfoil begins to stall, it can regain its lift after some angle further.In practical application, it is false. The curves can be believed till the first major stall occurs which attains Cl max. Exercise E: Effect of camber, magnitude In this exercise, the airfoils of different camber are been discussed i. e. the first digit of the NACA 4 digit series is been changed and compared. Re number = 2000000, M = 0. 00, AOA (alpha) = -4 to 20 degrees with a step of 0. 5 degrees Airfoils = NACA 0012, NACA 0312, NACA 1312, NACA 2312, NACA 3312 Figure 3. 23: Glide ratio and Alpha plot Figure 3. 23: Drag coefficient and Alpha plot Figure 3. 24: Lift coefficient and Alpha plot Figure 3. 5: Lift and Drag coefficients plot NACA Airfoils| Max Cl| S talling angle(degrees)| Max Cl/Cd| Cl at Max Cl/Cd| Cd atMax Cl/Cd| Alpha at Max Cl/Cd| Zero Lift| 0012| 1. 546| 17| 91. 5| 0. 955| 0. 0105| 8. 5degrees| 0 degree| 0312| 1. 546| 17| 91. 5| 0. 955| 0. 0105| 8. 5degrees| 0degree| 1312| 1. 610| 17| 98. 4| 0. 901| 0. 0094| 7 degrees| -1degree| 2312| 1. 664| 17| 122. 3| 0. 865| 0. 0071| 5. 5degrees| -2degree| 3312| 1. 712| 16. 5| 140. 5| 1. 008| 0. 0072| 6 degrees| -3degree| Analysis: As the magnitude of the camber is changed, the lift is attained way before than a normal airfoil with less camber surface.Symmetrical airfoil is that in which upper and lower surface are same and asymmetrical has various shapes in it. In these two types, the symmetrical airfoil produces less lift-drag ratio than asymmetrical airfoils. Due to the camber in the airfoil, in NACA 1312, NACA 2312 and NACA 3312 has started producing lift at negative angles as other two produces only after 0 degrees. Hence the lift is acquired soon and as angle increases, the drag produced is also less than in airfoils NACA 0012 and NACA 0312. Exercise F: Effect of camber, locationIn this exercise, we change the location of the camber and analyse their changes in curves. Re number = 2000000, M = 0. 00, AOA (alpha) = -4 to 20 with a step of 0. 5 degrees Airfoils = NACA 0012, NACA 2112, NACA 2312, NACA 2512, NACA 2712 Figure 3. 26: Drag coefficient and Alpha plot Figure 3. 27: Lift coefficient and Alpha plot Figure 3. 28: Glide ratio and Alpha plot Figure 3. 29: Lift coefficient and Drag coefficient plot NACA Airfoils| Max Cl| Stall angle(degrees)| Max CL/Cd| Cl at Max Cl/Cd| Cd at Max Cl/Cd| Alpha at MaxCL/Cd| Zero lift(degrees)| 0012| 1. 563| 17| 91. 5| 0. 55| 0. 0103| 8. 5degrees| 0| 2112| 1. 726| 17| 117. 0| 1. 145| 0. 0128| 12degrees| -1. 85| 2312| 1. 675| 17| 122. 3| 0. 865| 0. 0072| 5. 5degrees| -2. 02| 2512| 1. 694| 17| 111. 0| 0. 769| 0. 0068| 4. 5degrees| -2. 37| 2712| 1. 741| 17| 102. 5| 0. 962| 0. 0093| 6 degrees| -3. 056| Analysis: In this analysi s, the location of the camber is changed in each airfoil and hence so, we can find the change in Cl max and glide ratio which are key factors here. Fluctuation in the glide ratio can be seen, as it increases in NACA 2312 and decreases when going further increase in camber location.There are minor deflections in the stalling angle as that cannot be accurately calculated. Thus changing the camber location increases lift to some extend as further increase in camber value may cause drag. Exercise G: Finding the best values of a NACA airfoils In this section of analysis, we are using the airfoils of wide range with about 0-9%c camber magnitude, with 10-70%c of camber location and with 3-30% thickness range. We are yet to find the best airfoil with Cl max, largest stalling angle and Cl/Cd(Glide ratio). Re = 2000000, M = 0. 00, AOA(alpha) = -4 to 20 degrees with a step of 0. degrees. Graphs: Figure 3. 30: Lift coefficient and Alpha plot Figure 3. 31: Glide ratio and Alpha plot Figure 3. 32 : Glide ratio and Alpha(Re= 200000) Analysis: From the graph 3. 30, we can figure out the maximum Cl value is given by NACA 9318 of about 2. 3. And maximum Cl value when alpha(AOA) is 0 is given by NACA 9718 as per the figure. And hence the airfoil with largest stalling angle also can be seen, as it is NACA 9718. This airfoil though it has less Cl max, it stalls late compared to other airfoils. Its stall angle is going more than 20 degrees.

Boot Camps and Juvenile Crime Essay - 1148 Words

Boot Camps and Juvenile Crime Five years ago, responding to an increase in serious juvenile crime, the state of Maryland initiated one of the nations largest boot camp programs for teenage criminals. The program, called the Leadership Challenge, quickly became the model for other states. But last week, after reviewing a task force report that documented instances of physical abuse at their camps, Maryland officials appeared on the verge of conceding that the current initiative was a failure. Military-style discipline may work as punishment at juvenile boot camps, but it has not been effective as rehabilitation. The Maryland experience, together with problems in other states, has already led some states to close their boot camps†¦show more content†¦It was in this atmosphere that Lt. Gov. Kathleen Kennedy Townsend of Maryland began exploring the potential of boot camps. Shortly after being elected with Gov. Parris N. Glendening in 1994, Ms. Townsend, a former deputy assistant attorney general in the Clinton administration, said she considered boot camps a cost-effective, intermediate punishment and included them among her priorities. Ms. Townsend has said the idea came from visiting a juvenile boot camp in Ohio. By then, a handful of states, including Georgia, Louisiana, West Virginia and Ohio, had begun well-publicized, promising experiments with juvenile camps. The camps, modeled after similar programs that popped up in England in the 1970s, were designed for juveniles who had committed moderately serious crimes, such as auto theft, with the goal of interceding before they moved to more serious crimes. By 1997, more than 27,000 teenagers were passing through 54 camps in 23 states annually. The people who ran the real boot camps, were quite skeptical. The key reason we are successful is that we have a clientele down here that chose to be here on their own, said Sgt. Maj. 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The Importance Of Financial Reporting On Decision Making...

The Importance of Financial Reporting in Decision Making Qin Tang 15025913 Massey University MASSEY UNIVERSITY School of Accountancy/Economics and Finance/Management Lecturer’s Name Paper Number Paper Name Jill Hooks 110.702 Financial Accounting and Reporting Honesty Declaration †¢ I declare that this is an original assignment and is entirely my own work. †¢ Where I have made use of the ideas of other writers, I have acknowledged (referenced) the source in every instance. †¢ Where I have used any diagrams or visuals produced by others, I have acknowledged (referenced) the source in every instance. †¢ This assignment has been prepared exclusively by me for this paper and has not been and will not be submitted as assessed work in any other academic paper. †¢ I am aware of the Code of Student Conduct on the Massey University web site http://www.massey.ac.nz/massey/about-massey/calendar/statutes-and-regulations/code-of-student-conduct.cfm, clause 2 (f), wherein it states [Students shall] â€Å"act with honesty and integrity in submitting material or imparting information to the university†. 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Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (Adhd) Is The Most

Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) is the most diagnosed disorder in America at a staggering 11 percent of the nation s children. That statistic equals to 6.4 million children ages 4-17 being diagnosed with this disorder. According to The Center for Disease Control (CDC), this means more students than ever are being diagnosed with a disorder which makes learning difficult for them. Dealing with this disorder can be extremely difficult as an educator and a student. One of many approaches by educators have been the use of out-of-the-box teaching tools such as exercise balls. Seasoned teachers relying on years of experience will sometimes disregard the realities of ADHD. Most feel they understand what is going on in†¦show more content†¦Sparks study, using tools to allow creative minds to blossom is something he suggests. 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Idea Of Launching A New Product In The Market †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Project Plan Launching A New Product . Answer: Project introduction The following project plan would entirely be based over the idea of Launching a new product in the market. Since, the plan would be for launching a new product, which would be a Micro SD card, this particular project plan would be no less than a marketing plan. Now a typical marketing plan includes certain aspects that would be ignored in this following project plan since, this can be referred as a preliminary plan. However, it also is necessary to involve the details of the product that would be offered to a precise targeted market segment (Bharadwaj et.al, 2013). The educational background is a demographic element that can be considered for segmenting a market, which automatically is created by students. Almost everyone in this precise student or the young segment have an access to mobile devices that they use for their daily purposes of communicating and personal entertainment. For this reason, they need space, enough to store anything they wish; the world has moved into the era of mobile technology along with high-end communication technologies, which clearly justifies the viability o f this project plan (Bhuiyan, 2011). Project teams and their roles The project would certainly be divided into a group of people including the following: Product designer: The first and foremost important role would be of this particular individual. This is the individual that would develop the product in the most innovative and adequate manner. Since, the idea is about launching a Micro SD card that would provide enough space that have never been offered. Thus, it is important for this individual to decide upon; micro SD cards that are available in the market are mostly about 1 GB to 128 GB. This space for some users isnt enough, thus creates the opportunity for the product to be launched. The space that would offer is 256 GB; the designer would also consider the compatibility of devices for some devices might find this much space incompatible (Blank, 2013). Marketing manager: This would be the individual that would be given maximum responsibilities; however he would as well be work closely under managements supervision. The marketing manager would develop the marketing mix, would conduct the STP if he/she feels the need for it, and would develop strategies for targeting and then positioning the product effectively. He would also conduct SWOT and PESTLE for developing a clear understanding about personal strengths and weakness along with the current market conditions (Djelassi and Decoopman, 2013). Workers: These would be teams that will give shape to the product idea that has been finalized. The teams would as well be supervised by their individual project managers that would ensure that each one of the workers is putting his/her best efforts. Product manager: This particular individual would ensure that the final output matches the different standards of quality. Customers demand nothing but quality of the product they are willing to spend their money upon. Thus, this particular person has an important role to play. PR: The PR would be entitled with the responsibility to establish relation with the targeted customer segment along with the probable customers as well. The PR would be allotted a portion of the budget to conduct PR events, such as fair or anything the individual finds suitable (Nicholas et.al, 2011). Project stages and key deliverables Fundamentally there are multiple stages that every entrepreneur must consider before he/she is determined to launch a new product into the market that already has different options for this particular category of product. The stages are: Starting early: It always works for an organization that initiates their launching activities approximately 4-8 weeks early. It would be a waste of time, if an organization is waiting for the right time. Any time that the entrepreneur is planning to launch is right; however, one must maintain the curiosity among the customers (Werbach, 2013). Making the product available to the influencing customers: In other words celebrities; almost 80% of the segment that has been targeted for this project considers celebrities to be their idols (politicians, players, movie stars, singers etc.). An access to such individuals would certainly mean greater potential outcome (Durmu?o?lu and Barczak, 2011). Maintaining low profile: Either developing a contingency plan or maintaining low profile would be better. In case the product that is to be offered is truly innovative one must not expect an enormous release. Unusual: Customers have a tendency to be highly curious to whatever seems new and different. Thus, doing something unusual might click. Seeding social gaps with leaks: Targeting individuals that are naturally eager interested to anything they see would be another way for launching in a better manner. Project time management This particular segment would include the WBS Figure 1: WBS for the product launch Gantt chart The Gantt chart for this particular project would incorporate every tiny detail that would generate for accomplishing the entire task of launching the micro SD card in consideration to the time slot for each activity (Molina-Castillo et.al, 2011). Figure 2: Gantt chart Budget Since, this project would be concerned about launching a new product, it is necessary to decide the budget for executing the entire chain of activities. Marketing activities tend to attract major portion of the budget than actual production of the product (Ernst et.al, 2011). Thus almost 60% of the budget would be directed towards the marketing activities along with the PR activities. Quality plan In order to ensure that the product has been developed considering the maximum quality standard, it is necessary for the management to develop a quality plan. APQP or the Advance Product Quality Planning Standard has been defined to be the organized method for describing along with establishing important steps for ensuring customers are satisfied with the products and services (McGrath, 2013). Risk register The risk register is typically a record or a catalogue virtual or real (hand written) containing every possible risk that the organization might have to come across during its operations. The risk register for this project might incorporate the following: Name of the risk Probability Marketing risks Higher (Since the marketing activities have been allotted with major portion of the budget) Distribution risks Moderate (Since, acquiring new product despite of its size is easy and can be done using internet) Mass appeal Higher (Since, one segment of the market might not consider the approach suitable or preferable that other segment would find attractive) Sustainability risk High (Due to the large number of production houses) References Bharadwaj, A., El Sawy, O.A., Pavlou, P.A. and Venkatraman, N.V., 2013. Digital business strategy: toward a next generation of insights. Bhuiyan, N., 2011. A framework for successful new product development.Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management,4(4), pp.746-770. Blank, S., 2013.The four steps to the epiphany: successful strategies for products that win. BookBaby. Djelassi, S. and Decoopman, I., 2013. Customers' participation in product development through crowdsourcing: Issues and implications.Industrial Marketing Management,42(5), pp.683-692. Durmu?o?lu, S.S. and Barczak, G., 2011. The use of information technology tools in new product development phases: Analysis of effects on new product innovativeness, quality, and market performance.Industrial Marketing Management,40(2), pp.321-330. Ernst, H., Hoyer, W.D., Krafft, M. and Krieger, K., 2011. Customer relationship management and company performancethe mediating role of new product performance.Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,39(2), pp.290-306. McGrath, R.G., 2013.The end of competitive advantage: How to keep your strategy moving as fast as your business. Harvard Business Review Press. Molina-Castillo, F.J., Jimenez-Jimenez, D. and Munuera-Aleman, J.L., 2011. Product competence exploitation and exploration strategies: The impact on new product performance through quality and innovativeness.Industrial Marketing Management,40(7), pp.1172-1182. Nicholas, J., Ledwith, A. and Perks, H., 2011. New product development best practice in SME and large organisations: theory vs practice.European Journal of Innovation Management,14(2), pp.227-251. Werbach, A., 2013.Strategy for sustainability: A business manifesto. Harvard Business Press.

Strategic Analysis Cleveland Clinic free essay sample

The Veterans Administration (VA) should constantly be monitoring the current healthcare environment for trends and new treatment methods for post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSD). By monitoring the current trends treatment the VA is able to modify, change or continue the current treatment methods being used on past and current veterans. These trends allow the organization to scan for external environmental data to assist in treatment plans and recovery methods for veterans. This monitoring would confirm or disprove the possibility of various trend directions. These trends could be placed in various categories of economic, social/demographic and technological (Swayne, Duncan Ginter, 2008). Current outpatient treatment of PTSD by the VA has to be modified to treat a younger population of soldier and the VA has to monitor current trends in healthcare used by the private sector. The treatment methods have to be adjusted to not only treat PTSD but injuries as a result of combat. We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Analysis Cleveland Clinic or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This dual-use by a more technologically educated group of veterans makes monitoring by the VA a must in treatment. Also patients are choosing to use the VA for care due to the costs associated with receiving care from a private provider (Simpson, 2006). This would prevent VA patients from seeking emergency room care therefore adding to the ever increasing healthcare costs. Another area that requires an environmental analysis is providing care to the many diverse groups of veterans. The military is becoming one of the most diverse employers and the VA must explore various ways of getting more of these groups to seek care through the VA. Within the VA’s strategic vision and mission it addresses providing care to all veterans while demonstrating the value of VA care to the nation. (Fine, Demakis, 2003). An environmental analysis could provide useful data on trends in economic changes which address costs, demographic changes as well as competitive changes in healthcare. Although the Affordable Care Act does not affect veteran care, the stewardship of the VA healthcare system should be monitored for costs. The risks of not monitoring costs of care are budget cuts, poor technology and management of the veteran healthcare system. Although the budget is funded by the government, financial cuts do occur depending on the political party in office. These stakeholders want to see that there is a valid return on investment in the veteran healthcare system while providing quality care (Swayne, Duncan Ginter, 2008). Rural healthcare requires an analysis of environment to determine the factors that affect healthcare delivery to veterans. This analysis could address what types of changes would affect healthcare in rural areas in the future. One factor affecting care in rural areas is the recruitment of providers. What safety net would the agency have in place to address providing care to veterans in those rural areas? Nurse practitioners could be an option as well as offering residents better tuition assistance as many have acquired large amounts of educational debt (Simpson, 2006). Community based outpatient clinics provide a method of mitigating expenses that may be incurred by providing care in rural areas. An environmental analysis would provide some insight as to how the agency may provide care to veterans in those areas. This analysis may provide a look into resource allocation needs, what metrics are needed to measure effectiveness of the programs and how will quality be measured. The community based outpatient clinics would provide needed access to veteran who may be located in areas without a VA hospital (Liu, et al. , 2010). Conclusion Environmental analyses are vital to the strategic planning of the VA. Accessing the trends, forecasts, monitoring and scanning the environment will only mitigate risks and prepare the organization for changes in the future. Although the VA has a niche market the organization must address trends in healthcare insurance as this will affect veterans who can afford to make a choice of where they receive care. By analyzing this area the VA can maximize an opportunity to capture those veterans who are financially able to choose another healthcare provider. This may be done by offering those veterans a better option of quality healthcare in an environment they are familiar. References Fine, M. J. , Demakis, J. G. (2003). The veterans health administrations promotion of health equity for racial and ethnic minorities. American Journal of Public Health, 93(10), 1622-4. Liu, C. , Chapko, M. , Bryson, C. , Burgess, J. , Fortney, J. , Perkins, M. , Maciejewski, M. (2010). Use of outpatient care in Veterans Health Administration and Medicare among veterans receiving primary care in community-based and hospital outpatient clinics. Health Services Research, 45(5 Pt 1), 1268-1286. Swayne, L. E. , Duncan, W. J. , Ginter, P. M. (2008). Strategic management of health care organizations. San Francisco, Calif: Jossey-Bass. Simpson, S. A. (2006). Safety net lessons from the veterans health administration. American Journal of Public Health, 96(6), 956-956.