The Importance Of Financial Reporting On Decision Making...

The Importance of Financial Reporting in Decision Making Qin Tang 15025913 Massey University MASSEY UNIVERSITY School of Accountancy/Economics and Finance/Management Lecturer’s Name Paper Number Paper Name Jill Hooks 110.702 Financial Accounting and Reporting Honesty Declaration †¢ I declare that this is an original assignment and is entirely my own work. †¢ Where I have made use of the ideas of other writers, I have acknowledged (referenced) the source in every instance. †¢ Where I have used any diagrams or visuals produced by others, I have acknowledged (referenced) the source in every instance. †¢ This assignment has been prepared exclusively by me for this paper and has not been and will not be submitted as assessed work in any other academic paper. †¢ I am aware of the Code of Student Conduct on the Massey University web site http://www.massey.ac.nz/massey/about-massey/calendar/statutes-and-regulations/code-of-student-conduct.cfm, clause 2 (f), wherein it states [Students shall] â€Å"act with honesty and integrity in submitting material or imparting information to the university†. Assessment Examination Regulations clause (7) clarifies further that â€Å"dishonesty† is a breach of the Code of Student Conduct and will be dealt with accordingly. Family Name Given Name(s) ID number Student Signature Date Tang Qin 15025913 Qin Tang 29/04/2015 The Importance of Financial Reporting in Decision Making Introduction Financial accounting andShow MoreRelatedAn Exploration Of Andrew Lennards Article : Stewardship And The Objective Of Financial Statements1473 Words   |  6 PagesAn Exploration of Andrew Lennard’s Article: â€Å"Stewardship and the Objective of Financial Statements† (Lennard, 2007) An Introduction Andrew Lennard’s article, published in 2007, draws upon the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB)’s and Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB)’s Preliminary Views (PV) regarding a conceptual framework for financial reporting. 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This report will introduce background of BHP Billiton Ltd. and the growing significance of PPE assets. This report will also discuss the objective of general purpose financial reporting and the fundamental qualitative characteristics of useful financial information. Moreover, we will analyse whether disclosures on BHP Billiton Ltd.’s PPERead MoreThe Reporting Entity Concept Of The Australian Accounting Standards Board1027 Words   |  5 PagesQuestion 1A 1B The Reporting Entity Concept makes up part of the Australian Accounting Standards Board (AASB) Conceptual Framework and has been in use since its inception in Australian Accounting Standards in the early 90s (Hamidi-Ravari, 2014). The creation of Statement of Accounting Concept 1 (SAC 1) has allowed for businesses to determine if they are a reporting entity by outlining the various criteria applicable to such decision making. International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS, n.d

Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (Adhd) Is The Most

Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) is the most diagnosed disorder in America at a staggering 11 percent of the nation s children. That statistic equals to 6.4 million children ages 4-17 being diagnosed with this disorder. According to The Center for Disease Control (CDC), this means more students than ever are being diagnosed with a disorder which makes learning difficult for them. Dealing with this disorder can be extremely difficult as an educator and a student. One of many approaches by educators have been the use of out-of-the-box teaching tools such as exercise balls. Seasoned teachers relying on years of experience will sometimes disregard the realities of ADHD. Most feel they understand what is going on in†¦show more content†¦Sparks study, using tools to allow creative minds to blossom is something he suggests. According to a study published in The Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, by Cory Armes, M.E suggests hyperactivity may actually help students overcome their attention problems. Running, jumping and even rolling around in class actually helps an ADHD student concentrate. Most ADHD students become restless when they are asked to do a task involving the use of the executive functioning of the brain. Research also shows when students with ADHD were asked to do a task which involved working with memory and organization, students that were given permission to move or fidget performed much better than students who were asked to be still. This study proves the ADHD student’s gross motor movements helps them finish intellectual tasks. In essence if a student with ADHD is allowed to move around and fidget, they will be more successful in their work. What does this mean to the average student and teacher? Studies have shown to help an ADHD student succeed, he or she must be all owed to be hyperactive. How does one control this hyperactive behavior? A wobble chair, an exercise ball as a seat and small fidget devices such as squishy balls, cubes, and spinners can be used by ADHD students to keep them in their space and be less of a distraction for others in the class. Allowances are made for children with wheelchairs along with other disabilities andShow MoreRelatedAttention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder ( Adhd ) And The Frontal Lobe887 Words   |  4 PagesAttention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) and the Frontal Lobes Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD), Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) throughout history has been seen as a behavioral issue. The prevalence and attention given to ADD/ADHD as a disorder has not become apparent until more modern times. With the coming of Drugs, treatment seemed to become common and successful. There are many risk factors believed to contribute to developing ADD/ADHD. However, no correlates are indeedRead MoreZinc And Omega-3 Supplements As Adjunctive Drugs In The Treatment Of Adhd Case Study932 Words   |  4 PagesStudy explained the effect of zinc and omega-3 supplements as adjunctive drugs in the treatment of ADHD. Randomized, double-blind clinical trial conducted on 150 children between the 6-15 years for the period of 8 weeks. Besides of the drug of choice for the ADHD, patients’ placebo in the control group, zinc sulphate in the second group, omega-3 in third group. Improvement was checked by the Conners parent and teacher rating scale befo re and after the treatment. Findings showed that significantRead MoreAttention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder Essay1244 Words   |  5 PagesAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, also known as ADHD, is one of the most prevalent childhood and adolescence disorder. ADHD world prevalence rates is around 5% and â€Å"range from 1% to 20% among school-age children (Sciotto, †¦2016, p. 35). There is a variability in prevalence rates across countries, which has led to researchers to question whether ADHD diagnosis reflects the norms and biases of western cultures. Even though the diagnosis are thought to reflect western cultures and norms, itRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder ( Adhd )963 Words   |  4 Pages Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Mizeldrick K. Marshall Holmes Community College Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurobehavioral disorder most commonly diagnosed in children. Children can be diagnosed as early as the age of 7. Boys and girls can be diagnosed with ADHD but this disorder is seen more in the behavior of boys. Adults can also develop symptoms and be diagnosed as well. It was originally called hyperkineticRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder748 Words   |  3 PagesWhat is Attention- Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? Well it is one of the most commonly developed disorders among children, teens and adults (National Institute of Mental Health). In fact 5-8% of school-aged children are affected by attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (Mikami, Reuland and Griggs). According to the Mayo Clinic staff, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is a mental health condition exhibited by difficulty maintaining attention, as well as hyperactivity and impulsive behaviorRead MoreThe Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy on ADHD1064 Words   |  5 PagesThere are limitations to this study, such as this study only considers the effects of ADHD on children and not on adults. The reason that the author decided to focus the research on children is because, as stated before, ADHD is a childhood disorder that should be diagnosed before reaching adulthood. The author of this work believes that if the disorder, and the effects thereof, are addressed during childhood there will be less of an impact on adults, increasing the importance of treatment duringRead MoreOver-Diagnosis Of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.1273 Words   |  6 PagesOver-diagnosis of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) or Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) is one of the most commonly diagnosed mental disorder among children and adolescents (UCLA). ADHD/ADD usually becomes apparent in children during preschool and early school years. ADHD/ADD affects 3 percent to 5 percent of approximately two million American children (Frequently). Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) or Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) isRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder ( Adhd )1162 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is ADHD? â€Å"Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder is one of the most common childhood disorders and can continue through adolescence and adulthood† (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder). ADHD in real terms is the inability to focus. Several people have describe people with ADHD as skirmish, talkative, and have trouble waiting. ADHD has been previously described as ADD (attention deficit disorder) but the only difference is the â€Å"H†. This â€Å"H† describes how this disorder deals with hyperactivityRead MoreEssay On ADHD1259 Words   |  6 Pages Many may ask what the causes of attention-deficit/hyperactive disorders are but the cause of ADHD is not completely understood yet. People suggest that there may be biological abnormalities, hereditary factors, and environmental factors for those who suffer from ADHD. Individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactive disorders may have biological abnormalities such as brain structure abnormalities or abnormal bio chemical levels (Comer, 2016). Brain structural abnormalities tend to occur in theRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder ( Adhd )1210 Words   |  5 PagesADD/ADHD, better known as Attention Deficit Disorder/ Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder, is a growing disorder in children and adults alike in the United States. So many people have this disorder now a days that it isn’t a rare thing for a child to be diagnosed with it. In this paper I will go over the cause of ADD/ ADHD, the details about what it actually is and how it affects people, when you need to have the child checked for this disorder, and the many signs and symptoms of ADD/ ADHD disorder

Idea Of Launching A New Product In The Market †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Project Plan Launching A New Product . Answer: Project introduction The following project plan would entirely be based over the idea of Launching a new product in the market. Since, the plan would be for launching a new product, which would be a Micro SD card, this particular project plan would be no less than a marketing plan. Now a typical marketing plan includes certain aspects that would be ignored in this following project plan since, this can be referred as a preliminary plan. However, it also is necessary to involve the details of the product that would be offered to a precise targeted market segment (Bharadwaj et.al, 2013). The educational background is a demographic element that can be considered for segmenting a market, which automatically is created by students. Almost everyone in this precise student or the young segment have an access to mobile devices that they use for their daily purposes of communicating and personal entertainment. For this reason, they need space, enough to store anything they wish; the world has moved into the era of mobile technology along with high-end communication technologies, which clearly justifies the viability o f this project plan (Bhuiyan, 2011). Project teams and their roles The project would certainly be divided into a group of people including the following: Product designer: The first and foremost important role would be of this particular individual. This is the individual that would develop the product in the most innovative and adequate manner. Since, the idea is about launching a Micro SD card that would provide enough space that have never been offered. Thus, it is important for this individual to decide upon; micro SD cards that are available in the market are mostly about 1 GB to 128 GB. This space for some users isnt enough, thus creates the opportunity for the product to be launched. The space that would offer is 256 GB; the designer would also consider the compatibility of devices for some devices might find this much space incompatible (Blank, 2013). Marketing manager: This would be the individual that would be given maximum responsibilities; however he would as well be work closely under managements supervision. The marketing manager would develop the marketing mix, would conduct the STP if he/she feels the need for it, and would develop strategies for targeting and then positioning the product effectively. He would also conduct SWOT and PESTLE for developing a clear understanding about personal strengths and weakness along with the current market conditions (Djelassi and Decoopman, 2013). Workers: These would be teams that will give shape to the product idea that has been finalized. The teams would as well be supervised by their individual project managers that would ensure that each one of the workers is putting his/her best efforts. Product manager: This particular individual would ensure that the final output matches the different standards of quality. Customers demand nothing but quality of the product they are willing to spend their money upon. Thus, this particular person has an important role to play. PR: The PR would be entitled with the responsibility to establish relation with the targeted customer segment along with the probable customers as well. The PR would be allotted a portion of the budget to conduct PR events, such as fair or anything the individual finds suitable (Nicholas et.al, 2011). Project stages and key deliverables Fundamentally there are multiple stages that every entrepreneur must consider before he/she is determined to launch a new product into the market that already has different options for this particular category of product. The stages are: Starting early: It always works for an organization that initiates their launching activities approximately 4-8 weeks early. It would be a waste of time, if an organization is waiting for the right time. Any time that the entrepreneur is planning to launch is right; however, one must maintain the curiosity among the customers (Werbach, 2013). Making the product available to the influencing customers: In other words celebrities; almost 80% of the segment that has been targeted for this project considers celebrities to be their idols (politicians, players, movie stars, singers etc.). An access to such individuals would certainly mean greater potential outcome (Durmu?o?lu and Barczak, 2011). Maintaining low profile: Either developing a contingency plan or maintaining low profile would be better. In case the product that is to be offered is truly innovative one must not expect an enormous release. Unusual: Customers have a tendency to be highly curious to whatever seems new and different. Thus, doing something unusual might click. Seeding social gaps with leaks: Targeting individuals that are naturally eager interested to anything they see would be another way for launching in a better manner. Project time management This particular segment would include the WBS Figure 1: WBS for the product launch Gantt chart The Gantt chart for this particular project would incorporate every tiny detail that would generate for accomplishing the entire task of launching the micro SD card in consideration to the time slot for each activity (Molina-Castillo et.al, 2011). Figure 2: Gantt chart Budget Since, this project would be concerned about launching a new product, it is necessary to decide the budget for executing the entire chain of activities. Marketing activities tend to attract major portion of the budget than actual production of the product (Ernst et.al, 2011). Thus almost 60% of the budget would be directed towards the marketing activities along with the PR activities. Quality plan In order to ensure that the product has been developed considering the maximum quality standard, it is necessary for the management to develop a quality plan. APQP or the Advance Product Quality Planning Standard has been defined to be the organized method for describing along with establishing important steps for ensuring customers are satisfied with the products and services (McGrath, 2013). Risk register The risk register is typically a record or a catalogue virtual or real (hand written) containing every possible risk that the organization might have to come across during its operations. The risk register for this project might incorporate the following: Name of the risk Probability Marketing risks Higher (Since the marketing activities have been allotted with major portion of the budget) Distribution risks Moderate (Since, acquiring new product despite of its size is easy and can be done using internet) Mass appeal Higher (Since, one segment of the market might not consider the approach suitable or preferable that other segment would find attractive) Sustainability risk High (Due to the large number of production houses) References Bharadwaj, A., El Sawy, O.A., Pavlou, P.A. and Venkatraman, N.V., 2013. Digital business strategy: toward a next generation of insights. Bhuiyan, N., 2011. A framework for successful new product development.Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management,4(4), pp.746-770. Blank, S., 2013.The four steps to the epiphany: successful strategies for products that win. BookBaby. Djelassi, S. and Decoopman, I., 2013. Customers' participation in product development through crowdsourcing: Issues and implications.Industrial Marketing Management,42(5), pp.683-692. Durmu?o?lu, S.S. and Barczak, G., 2011. The use of information technology tools in new product development phases: Analysis of effects on new product innovativeness, quality, and market performance.Industrial Marketing Management,40(2), pp.321-330. Ernst, H., Hoyer, W.D., Krafft, M. and Krieger, K., 2011. Customer relationship management and company performancethe mediating role of new product performance.Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,39(2), pp.290-306. McGrath, R.G., 2013.The end of competitive advantage: How to keep your strategy moving as fast as your business. Harvard Business Review Press. Molina-Castillo, F.J., Jimenez-Jimenez, D. and Munuera-Aleman, J.L., 2011. Product competence exploitation and exploration strategies: The impact on new product performance through quality and innovativeness.Industrial Marketing Management,40(7), pp.1172-1182. Nicholas, J., Ledwith, A. and Perks, H., 2011. New product development best practice in SME and large organisations: theory vs practice.European Journal of Innovation Management,14(2), pp.227-251. Werbach, A., 2013.Strategy for sustainability: A business manifesto. Harvard Business Press.

Strategic Analysis Cleveland Clinic free essay sample

The Veterans Administration (VA) should constantly be monitoring the current healthcare environment for trends and new treatment methods for post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSD). By monitoring the current trends treatment the VA is able to modify, change or continue the current treatment methods being used on past and current veterans. These trends allow the organization to scan for external environmental data to assist in treatment plans and recovery methods for veterans. This monitoring would confirm or disprove the possibility of various trend directions. These trends could be placed in various categories of economic, social/demographic and technological (Swayne, Duncan Ginter, 2008). Current outpatient treatment of PTSD by the VA has to be modified to treat a younger population of soldier and the VA has to monitor current trends in healthcare used by the private sector. The treatment methods have to be adjusted to not only treat PTSD but injuries as a result of combat. We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Analysis Cleveland Clinic or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This dual-use by a more technologically educated group of veterans makes monitoring by the VA a must in treatment. Also patients are choosing to use the VA for care due to the costs associated with receiving care from a private provider (Simpson, 2006). This would prevent VA patients from seeking emergency room care therefore adding to the ever increasing healthcare costs. Another area that requires an environmental analysis is providing care to the many diverse groups of veterans. The military is becoming one of the most diverse employers and the VA must explore various ways of getting more of these groups to seek care through the VA. Within the VA’s strategic vision and mission it addresses providing care to all veterans while demonstrating the value of VA care to the nation. (Fine, Demakis, 2003). An environmental analysis could provide useful data on trends in economic changes which address costs, demographic changes as well as competitive changes in healthcare. Although the Affordable Care Act does not affect veteran care, the stewardship of the VA healthcare system should be monitored for costs. The risks of not monitoring costs of care are budget cuts, poor technology and management of the veteran healthcare system. Although the budget is funded by the government, financial cuts do occur depending on the political party in office. These stakeholders want to see that there is a valid return on investment in the veteran healthcare system while providing quality care (Swayne, Duncan Ginter, 2008). Rural healthcare requires an analysis of environment to determine the factors that affect healthcare delivery to veterans. This analysis could address what types of changes would affect healthcare in rural areas in the future. One factor affecting care in rural areas is the recruitment of providers. What safety net would the agency have in place to address providing care to veterans in those rural areas? Nurse practitioners could be an option as well as offering residents better tuition assistance as many have acquired large amounts of educational debt (Simpson, 2006). Community based outpatient clinics provide a method of mitigating expenses that may be incurred by providing care in rural areas. An environmental analysis would provide some insight as to how the agency may provide care to veterans in those areas. This analysis may provide a look into resource allocation needs, what metrics are needed to measure effectiveness of the programs and how will quality be measured. The community based outpatient clinics would provide needed access to veteran who may be located in areas without a VA hospital (Liu, et al. , 2010). Conclusion Environmental analyses are vital to the strategic planning of the VA. Accessing the trends, forecasts, monitoring and scanning the environment will only mitigate risks and prepare the organization for changes in the future. Although the VA has a niche market the organization must address trends in healthcare insurance as this will affect veterans who can afford to make a choice of where they receive care. By analyzing this area the VA can maximize an opportunity to capture those veterans who are financially able to choose another healthcare provider. This may be done by offering those veterans a better option of quality healthcare in an environment they are familiar. References Fine, M. J. , Demakis, J. G. (2003). The veterans health administrations promotion of health equity for racial and ethnic minorities. American Journal of Public Health, 93(10), 1622-4. Liu, C. , Chapko, M. , Bryson, C. , Burgess, J. , Fortney, J. , Perkins, M. , Maciejewski, M. (2010). Use of outpatient care in Veterans Health Administration and Medicare among veterans receiving primary care in community-based and hospital outpatient clinics. Health Services Research, 45(5 Pt 1), 1268-1286. Swayne, L. E. , Duncan, W. J. , Ginter, P. M. (2008). Strategic management of health care organizations. San Francisco, Calif: Jossey-Bass. Simpson, S. A. (2006). Safety net lessons from the veterans health administration. American Journal of Public Health, 96(6), 956-956.

Infection and its prevention Essay Example

Infection and its prevention Essay Infection and its prevention have been a prime concern of mankind for a long time. Infection is a condition that results when a microorganism is able to invade the body, multiply and cause injurious effect or diseases. (McCall Tankersley, 2007:71) Infection control therefore refers to policies and procedures used to minimize the risk of spreading infections, especially in hospitals and human or animal health care facilities. The purpose of this is to reduce the occurrence of infectious diseases. The aim of this essay is to look at how infection control and the theatre environment impact on a patient undergoing surgery. The first part of the essay looks at infection control in the hospital setting in general; touching on issues such as hospital acquired infection like Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) and Clostridium Difficile (CD). Then the essay delves into the design of the surgical theatre and how it impacts on patients; it further talks about surgical etiquette placing much emphasis on hand washing as this is the first defence in preventing transmission of pathogen (Radford et al, 2004). Finally a conclusion is drawn on all the issues raised and their impact on the patient undergoing surgery. We will write a custom essay sample on Infection and its prevention specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Infection and its prevention specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Infection and its prevention specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In the past, surgery would have been performed in a convenient location such as the patients home or a hospital ward with only basic infection control in place (Essex-Lopresti 1999). In Phillips (2004) describes the process for preparing the room as rudimentary, amounting to little more than removing furniture and non essential items and boiling linen, perhaps fumigation if time allows. Today, most surgery takes place in operating theatres that are specially designed for that purpose. There are two types of infection, the endogenous and exogenous infection. Endogenous infection occurs when microorganisms that normally exist harmlessly in one part of an individual to become pathogen, whereas exogenous infection happens when microorganisms from other source or from other person, object, animal or the environment (Woodhead 2005). Infection control refers to policies and procedures used to minimise the risk of spreading infection especially in hospitals. Nosocomial or hospital acquired infection (HAI) occur in approximately 5% of all hospital patients. The longer a patient stays in hospital, the higher the risk of getting HAI and sometimes even leading to death. There are many reasons why patients infected with HAI: Firstly weak immune system which makes them more vulnerable to infection due to patient sickness or treatment. Secondly, infection agent can be introduced to the patient by medical procedures and thirdly, on admission with infectable disease agent, patient can transfer diseases to a patient or patient to staff or visitor (Jones, 2008). HAI has, over the past few years dominated the media with its coverage of the superbugs, in particular MRSA and CD. A HAI or nosocomial is that which is acquired or develops as a result of treatment while the patient hospitalised for more than 48 hours and who did not have signs and symptoms of such infection on admission. Radford et al (2004) cited the research of Emmerson et al (1996) 9% of patients admitted to hospital acquire HAI from surgical wound infection after hospital discharge. MRSA has the ability to resist to one or more conventional antibiotics. Study suggests many people are carriers of MRSA but are colonised in their nose or back of their throats and on their normal flora. Report from BBC news (2005) stated that about 100,000 get infected with MRSA each year when they get admitted into hospital. The only way health care workers can reduce this infection is; a good hand washing between patients, a good standard hygiene in hospital and patients with MRSA treated in a highly isolated as much as possible. The operating theatre is designed in accordance by national and processional guidelines as described by Woodhead et al (2005). Each department is divided into three zones, the outer or dirty zone which is unrestricted area where normal clothing can be worn; it contains the entrance to changing areas and usually has access to remove theatre waste. The clean or semi-restricted zones are the staff changing rooms, anaesthetic and recovery rooms and sterile supplies. Access is restricted and all personnel and patients have to wear theatre attire. There is exception sometimes to patients that need support, such as children, mental ill patients or translators to the anaesthetic room. The sterile or restricted zones include the operating theatre, preparation rooms and the scrub areas. Surgical attire and possible masks will need to be worn at all times (Davey Ince 2004). Sterile areas should avoid overcrowding by theatre staff to reduce the risk of accidental contamination to sterile instruments and layout. To reduce airborne contamination, movement of staff and patient should be kept to a minimum. This helps to reduce airborne bacteria from entering the operating theatre (Woodhead 2005). Ventilation, temperature, humidity and airborne contamination have an important role in the design of a good operating theatre. In order to control the movement of air, the operating department requires specialised ventilation system. Usually the system employed in ventilating modern operating departments are laminar airflow (LAF) technology and positive pressure (PP) systems; these are in theory designed to reduce surgical site infections. The theatre is particularly arranged in a way so that air pressure is filtered moving air from clean to less clean areas and this continues when the theatre room is not in use. This is in place to reduce the airborne contamination, reduce expired anaesthetic gases and to control temperature and humidity, thus reducing and minimising bacterial growth. Adequate ventilation in theatre can be achieved by properly closing theatre doors, windows are well sealed, ceiling solid and the floor impermeable to washable material with no gaps or cracks and cove red joints where it meets the wall. Also shelving should be kept to a minimum (Weaving P, et al 2008). In orthopaedic theatre the air is ultraclean. These system are used when the risk and consequences to developing infection are greater. Ultra clean air, provided by the laminar flow systems, is designed to move particle free air over the aseptic operating field in one direction; it can be in vertically or horizontally sweeping away particle in its path. These canopies have the capacity to provide up to 400 to 500 air change per hour and can reduce the incidents of surgical site infection ,so together with good practice and the use of prophylactic antibiotics, the impact of surgery upon the patient should be favourable (Woodhead et al 2005) . 37à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ C and high humidity is the optional where most bacteria reproduce, to keep a theatre room free from bacteria the temperature should be between 20 to 24oc and humidified air levels of 50 to60%, this help to suppress bacteria growth, also help create a good impact upon the surgical patient, as infection rates are considerably lower (Davey and Ince 2004). Infants, children and burnt patient need a warmer temperature to avoid hypothermia, therefore each operating theatre have its own controls for regulating the temperature (Mangum 2001). There are two types of lighting found in theatre, the laminar lighting used to light the operating theatre and auxiliary and the surgical lighting. Both harbour microorganisms on it surfaces due to the movement and activities of staff in the operating theatre (Phillips 2004). This should be clean regularly to reduce the risk of infection. The theatre must be damp dusted before the first case of the day, and it is essential to clean and disinfect all contaminated areas of the theatre at the end of each case (Mangum, 2001) Infection control as defined earlier as policies and procedures use to minimize the risk of spreading infection, staff do not always go by this policies and guidelines. For example policies on air movement in the department, normally doors between the anaesthetic room and theatre are mostly left open by staff therefore affecting the positive pressure from working effectively. Staff need constant trainings and made aware of updated policies. These measures will help to control infection. According to Woodhead et al (2005), 300 million skin squames are shed per day and about 10% of this have microorganisms of which smaller particles stay as airborne for some hours. Some big particles may rest on work surfaces, furniture and equipment. 37% of airborne microbial contamination can be reduced if in every 3 minutes air is changed in the theatre. Different type of waste should be separated and disposed of in the right way. All waste known, or considered to cause disease in humans or other living organisms is considered infectious waste (DH, 2006). In the authors trust yellow is the colour coding for clinical waste which can cause a risk of infection or can be hazardous. Green bags for the linens. All waste bags should not be more than three quarters full (Davey Ince, 2004) and it is the duty of the staff to ensure that and dispose off in the appropriate manner to meet the requirement of the control of substances hazardous to health regulation (COSHH). Maintaining a safe and clean environment is essential for a good impact upon surgical patients, but staff themselves can be a source of microbial contaminated (Green et al, 2003). Staffs are screened by their occupational health department. They are annually screened for such infections as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B.; this screening is mandatory and is design to protect patients from exposure from infected staff. Microorganisms are shed from exposed skin, hair and mucus membranes, so to achieve a sterile field and to reduce infection for both patients and staff; staff need to wear appropriate clothing, prepare patients, use sterile equipment and eliquette during surgery. According to Radford et al (2004), every staff working within the theatre context needs to change into suit and trousers as classed as personal protective equipment (PPE) made from cotton fabric to reduce skin cells to the surroundings. Other PPE such as footwear, mask, eye protection etc. are also worn by staff as an infection control measure during surgery. Hospital Acquired Infections may not be eradicated but many outbreaks can be prevented through effective hand washing. Transient microorganisms are easily removed during hand washing therefore it is one of the most important procedures to prevent the spread of infection (Woodhead Wicker 2005). Hand antisepsis started in the 1860 by Joseph Lister. He realised decay is caused by microorganism and it can be prevented by disinfecting the clinical environment and all equipment with carbolic acid. It also included staff having their hands washed in a solution of 5% carbolic acid before undertaking surgery. Other development on surgical hand antisepsis occurred including scrubbing the hands and arms with a brush where the term scrub comes from. Also introduction of alcohol rubs in the late 1990s which contain antiseptic agent such as chlorehexidine gluconate alcohol solution which when rubbed on the hands does not need rinsing (Tanner 2008). Hand washing takes place before and after patient contact, following removal of protective clothing, immediately following contamination with blood or body fluids and after handling contaminated or potentially contaminated articles (Davey and Ince 2004, p39). This hand washing is a form of standard precautions for all staff to practice since staff cannot tell which patient is contaminated; therefore it is one of the most important procedures to prevent the spread of infection. Healthcare workers handling patient with their catheter, bed linen, wound, disposal of linen and waste come in contact with microorganisms. Also staff or practitioners caring for MRSA patients can have the pathogen on their skin for a few hours, this means it can transfer to another patient or staff easily. During these times, hand washing is vital to help stop the spread of infection. Surgical hand scrubbing gets rid of transient microorganisms which help to minimise the number of resident microorganisms in the recent study of Tanner 2008. Before hand scrub, all jewellery with the exception of single plain band must be removed. False nails and nail polish is not acceptable, since they harbour pathogens as studied by Heddewick et al (2000). Aqueous antiseptic solution such as Chlorhexidine gluconate and providone-iodine are efficient in removing transient organisms and reducing resident organisms to a safe level. Frequent hand wash minimise a low bacterial count under gloves which is accepted by all healthcare workers. To start effective hand scrub, temperature of the water must be checked; also arms and hands must be wet before applying anti-microbial solution. The hands and arms are washed from fingertips to the elbows and hands are held higher than elbows in order to prevent microorganisms dropping back to the fingertips. There is no agreed time for how long a surgical hand wash should last, but between 2 5 minutes have been vouched for by most researchers as enough and effective. Hands should be properly dry. Alcohol based hand rubs are also effective for use between patient contact. When used, the right technique should be employed to ensure it covers the relevant areas and left to dry (Woodhead et al 2005). Sterile gowns are worn after hand scrub to prevent bacteria from scrub staff to the surroundings or operating site, thus reducing surgical side infection (SSI) (Radford et al ,2004). Gloves must be put on using the closed gloving technique, not touched by the staff members bare hands. During orthopaedic operation, double gloving is recommended as any perforations will be highlighted and sterility will not be compromised. Surgical instrument and sterile equipment are prepared in the preparation room just before use, thus minimising the risk of contamination from airborne microbes. Patients are then positioned on to the table before a scrub nurse wheels the trolley into the operating area (Davey and Ince, 2004). A patients skin around the incision site is disinfected to reduce the number of bacteria present so as to reduce the risk of endogenous infections. The most effective antiseptic are those which are alcohol based. This has to be left on the skin to evaporate before draping begins (Weaving et al, 2008). The rationale behind this is to reduce the natural flora from getting into the incision and avoiding the patient contracting SSI. The rest of the patient is covered by draping which comes in disposable or reusable; this is to provide a sterile field in which the operating team can work without risk of contaminating themselves or the instrument. Draping start from the incision site working out towards the peripheries and should not be removed until dressing applied and surgery completed (Radford et al, 2004). Infection can not be totally eliminated and has serious consequences for the patient; however the risk of contracting infection can be reduced by adhering to infection control procedures and policies such as effective hand washing, wearing the appropriate personal protecting equipment. The design of the operating department also plays an important role in the success of controlling infection. Ventilation system needs to be working effectively to achieve its use; temperature and humidity parameters need constant checking. The continuous education of staff about theatre policies and regular update of the policies will go a long way to help reduce infection in theatre.

Quick Review of Radioactivity and Radiation

Quick Review of Radioactivity and Radiation Unstable atomic nuclei will spontaneously decompose to form nuclei with higher stability. The decomposition process is called radioactivity. The energy and particles which are released during the decomposition process are called radiation. When unstable nuclei decompose in nature, the process is referred to as natural radioactivity. When the unstable nuclei are prepared in the laboratory, the decomposition is called induced radioactivity. There are three major types of natural radioactivity: Alpha Radiation Alpha radiation consists of a stream of positively charged particles, called alpha particles, which have an atomic mass of 4 and a charge of 2 (a helium nucleus). When an alpha particle is ejected from a nucleus, the mass number of the nucleus decreases by four units and the atomic number decreases by two units. For example: 23892U → 42He 23490Th The helium nucleus is the alpha particle. Beta Radiation Beta radiation is a stream of electrons, called beta particles. When a beta particle is ejected, a neutron in the nucleus is converted to a proton, so the mass number of the nucleus is unchanged, but the atomic number increases by one unit. For example: 23490 → 0-1e 23491Pa The electron is the beta particle. Gamma Radiation Gamma rays are high-energy photons with a very short wavelength (0.0005 to 0.1 nm). The emission of gamma radiation results from an energy change within the atomic nucleus. Gamma emission changes neither the atomic number nor the atomic mass. Alpha and beta emission are often accompanied by gamma emission, as an excited nucleus drops to a lower and more stable energy state. Alpha, beta, and gamma radiation also accompany induced radioactivity. Radioactive isotopes are prepared in the lab using bombardment reactions to convert a stable nucleus into one which is radioactive. Positron (a particle with the same mass as an electron, but a charge of 1 instead of -1) emission isnt observed in natural radioactivity, but it is a common mode of decay in induced radioactivity. Bombardment reactions can be used to produce very heavy elements, including many which dont occur in nature.

Communication Strategies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Communication Strategies - Essay Example Generally beach areas are populated with tourists and young families who always desire a source of balanced meal nearby. Currently the visitors in Lido Beach are found to survive with only carbonated drinks and packaged snacks. Therefore, the owners have come up with this business opportunity of pizza restaurant in this location. This report presents the effective communication strategies for some possible critical situation that might takes place in the away of project implementation or project development process. These will help the company to efficiently and successfully complete the project within estimated duration of time. First possible situation is that a technical team member has requested a transfer due to project team conflicts. This is a very common situation in project development process. For overall completion of projects, multiple teams work together for different purpose and different categories of work. A project like establishment of a pizza restaurant consists of multiple activities carried by different teams. Each team has individual objective but the overall goal or mission is same. So, there are different teams working together and in each team few people works together for similar works. Conflicts among the team members are very common in project development process which results a major decline of a team’s overall output. Conflicts might happen for many reasons. It might be unequal work pressure of each employee of a particular team. It also can be for major difference in the performance level of each worker in a team which results a higher work pressure on one or few efficie nt employees. Communication gap among the employees or between the employees of a team and supervisor or team leads might results conflicts in a project team. Lac of transparent subjective communication is responsible for conflicts in a team, lower output and delays in completion of